Ecosystem Services Supply–Demand Matching and Its Driving Factors: A Case Study of the Shanxi Section of the Yellow River Basin, China

Understanding the supply–demand relationships and driving mechanisms of ecosystem services (ES) provides a theoretical foundation for sustainable management. This study utilized Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Services Tradeoffs (InVEST) models geographical detectors to quantify spatial–temporal patterns supply, demand, ratio ESs such as water yield, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, along with their factors, in Shanxi section Yellow River Basin. The results show that: (1) From year 2000 2020, although supply demand sequestration fluctuated, they generally increased during this period time. In comparison from yield exceeded 2020. exhibited notable spatial heterogeneity. (2) most factors influencing varied between 2000, construction land was important factor, while cropland had greatest impact. However, primary affecting conservation remained same Forestland factor (3) Considering interaction precipitation impact on forestland shrubland whereas Overall, various land-use strongest explanation services. can serve reference comprehensive development utilization